Representation and generalizability in clinical research: Back to basics

Shari Messinger; Ann Brearley; Barbara H. Brumbach; Manisha Desai; Felicity T. Enders; Jodi Lapidus; Mary Sammel; Heidi M. Spratt

PMC · DOI:10.1017/cts.2025.10202·November 28, 2025

Representation and generalizability in clinical research: Back to basics

Shari Messinger, Ann Brearley, Barbara H. Brumbach, Manisha Desai, Felicity T. Enders, Jodi Lapidus, Mary Sammel, Heidi M. Spratt

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Open Access

Abstract

Linked entities

Genes, proteins, chemicals, diseases, species, mutations and cell lines named across the full text — each resolved to its canonical identifier and authoritative record.

Genes1

G6PD

Proteins1

Species1

Homo sapiens(human · species)

Chemicals1

warfarin

Diseases8

stroke coronary heart disease pain cancer hemolytic anemia malaria G6PD deficiency joint pain

Figures1

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Taxonomy

TopicsMeta-analysis and systematic reviews · Philosophy and History of Science · Biomedical Text Mining and Ontologies