The genome sequence of the Cistus Forester, Adscita geryon (Hübner, [1813]) (Lepidoptera: Zygaenidae)

TL;DR

This paper presents the genome sequence of the Cistus Forester butterfly, including two haplotypes and the mitochondrial genome, as part of a larger project to sequence species in Britain and Ireland.

Contribution

The paper provides a high-quality reference genome for Adscita geryon, including chromosomal pseudomolecules and sex chromosomes.

Findings

The genome assembly includes two haplotypes with lengths of 764.63 and 670.15 megabases.

Haplotype 1 is scaffolded into 32 chromosomal pseudomolecules, including W and Z sex chromosomes.

The mitochondrial genome is 15.32 kilobases long and has been assembled.

Abstract

We present a genome assembly from an individual female
Adscita geryon (Cistus Forester; Arthropoda; Insecta; Lepidoptera; Zygaenidae). The assembly contains two haplotypes with total lengths of 764.63 megabases and 670.15 megabases. Most of haplotype 1 (99.63%) is scaffolded into 32 chromosomal pseudomolecules, including the W and Z sex chromosomes. Haplotype 2 was assembled to scaffold level. The mitochondrial genome has also been assembled, with a length of 15.32 kilobases. This assembly was generated as part of the Darwin Tree of Life project, which produces reference genomes for eukaryotic species found in Britain and Ireland.

Figures

Photograph of Adscita geryon on Chiltern Gentian (not the specimen used for genome sequencing).

Frequency distribution of k-mers generated using GenomeScope2.The plot shows observed and modelled k-mer spectra, providing estimates of genome size, heterozygosity, and repeat content based on unassembled sequencing reads.

Hi-C contact map of the Adscita geryon genome assembly.Assembled chromosomes are shown in order of size and labelled along the axes, with a megabase scale shown below. The plot was generated using PretextSnapshot.

Evaluation of k-mer completeness using MerquryFK.This plot illustrates the recovery of k-mers from the original read data in the final assemblies. The horizontal axis represents k-mer multiplicity, and the vertical axis shows the number of k-mers. The black curve represents k-mers that appear in the reads but are not assembled. The green curve corresponds to k-mers shared by both haplotypes, and the red and blue curves show k-mers found only in one of the haplotypes.

Assembly metrics for ilAdsGery1.hap1.1.The BlobToolKit snail plot provides an overview of assembly metrics and BUSCO gene completeness. The circumference represents the length of the whole genome sequence, and the main plot is divided into 1 000 bins around the circumference. The outermost blue tracks display the distribution of GC, AT, and N percentages across the bins. Scaffolds are arranged clockwise from longest to shortest and are depicted in dark grey. The longest scaffold is indicated by the red arc, and the deeper orange and pale orange arcs represent the N50 and N90 lengths. A light grey spiral at the centre shows the cumulative scaffold count on a logarithmic scale. A summary of complete, fragmented, duplicated, and missing BUSCO genes in the set is presented at the top right. An interactive version of this figure can be accessed on the BlobToolKit viewer.

BlobToolKit GC-coverage plot for ilAdsGery1.hap1.1.Blob plot showing sequence coverage (vertical axis) and GC content (horizontal axis). The circles represent scaffolds, with the size proportional to scaffold length and the colour representing phylum membership. The histograms along the axes display the total length of sequences distributed across different levels of coverage and GC content. An interactive version of this figure is available on the BlobToolKit viewer.

Tables

Table 1.. Specimen and sequencing data for BioProject PRJEB78782.

Platform	PacBio HiFi	Hi-C
ToLID	ilAdsGery1	ilAdsGery1
Specimen ID	NHMUK013698373	NHMUK013698373
BioSample (source individual)	SAMEA114805667	SAMEA114805667
BioSample (tissue)	SAMEA114805786	SAMEA114805786
Tissue	whole organism	whole organism
Instrument	Revio	Illumina NovaSeq X
Run accessions	ERR13485737	ERR13493994
Read count total	5.39 million	648.94 million
Base count total	63.36 Gb	97.99 Gb

Table 2.. Genome assembly statistics.

Assembly name	ilAdsGery1.hap1.1	ilAdsGery1.hap2.1
Assembly accession	GCA_964275185.1	GCA_964275195.1
Assembly level	chromosome	scaffold
Span (Mb)	764.63	670.15
Number of chromosomes	32	N/A
Number of contigs	387	177
Contig N50	9.27 Mb	10.38 Mb
Number of scaffolds	114	82
Scaffold N50	24.94 Mb	24.71 Mb
Longest scaffold length (Mb)	62.18	N/A
Sex chromosomes	W and Z	N/A
Organelles	Mitochondrion: 15.32 kb	N/A

Table 3.. Chromosomal pseudomolecules in the haplotype 1 genome assembly of Adscita geryon ilAdsGery1.

INSDC accession	Molecule	Length (Mb)	GC%
OZ193757.1	1	29.14	35.50
OZ193758.1	2	28.80	35
OZ193759.1	3	28.67	35.50
OZ193760.1	4	27.86	35
OZ193761.1	5	27.35	34.50
OZ193762.1	6	26.46	35.50
OZ193763.1	7	26.40	35
OZ193764.1	8	26.17	37.50
OZ193765.1	9	25.98	35.50
OZ193766.1	10	25.22	35.50
OZ193767.1	11	24.94	35.50
OZ193768.1	12	24.77	35.50
OZ193769.1	13	24.59	35.50
OZ193770.1	14	22.86	35
OZ193771.1	15	22.44	35
OZ193772.1	16	22.11	35.50
OZ193773.1	17	22.01	35
OZ193774.1	18	21.88	35
OZ193775.1	19	21.76	35.50
OZ193776.1	20	21.74	35.50
OZ193777.1	21	20.46	35.50
OZ193778.1	22	20.21	35.50
OZ193779.1	23	18.17	36
OZ193780.1	24	17.91	35.50
OZ193781.1	25	17.53	35.50
OZ193782.1	26	15.85	36.50
OZ193783.1	27	14.83	36
OZ193784.1	28	14.41	35.50
OZ193785.1	29	13.72	35.50
OZ193786.1	30	13.26	36
OZ193755.1	W	62.18	40.50
OZ193756.1	Z	32.15	35.50

Table 4.. Earth Biogenome Project summary metrics for the Adscita geryon assembly.

Measure	Value	Benchmark
EBP summary (haplotype 1)	6.C.Q62	6.C.Q40
Contig N50 length	9.27 Mb	≥ 1 Mb
Scaffold N50 length	24.94 Mb	= chromosome N50
Consensus quality (QV)	Haplotype 1: 62.4; haplotype 2: 62.9; combined: 62.6	≥ 40
k-mer completeness	Haplotype 1: 83.82%; Haplotype 2: 79.84%; combined: 99.40%	≥ 95%
BUSCO	C:98.0% [S:97.3%; D:0.8%]; F:0.3%; M:1.6%; n:5 286	S > 90%; D < 5%
Percentage of assembly assigned to chromosomes	99.63%	≥ 90%

Full text

Species taxonomy

Eukaryota; Opisthokonta; Metazoa; Eumetazoa; Bilateria; Protostomia; Ecdysozoa; Panarthropoda; Arthropoda; Mandibulata; Pancrustacea; Hexapoda; Insecta; Dicondylia; Pterygota; Neoptera; Endopterygota; Amphiesmenoptera; Lepidoptera; Glossata; Neolepidoptera; Heteroneura; Ditrysia; Apoditrysia; Zygaenoidea; Zygaenidae; Procridinae; Adscita; Adscita geryon (Hübner) (NCBI:txid287208)

Background

Adscita geryon (Hübner, [1813]), also known as the Cistus Forester, is a moth in the family Zygaenidae with a forewing length of 9–12 mm, with males relatively larger ( Waring et al., 2017). The wings are metallic green and the species is not easy to distinguish from other species of Adscita, but it is on average the smallest of the three species in the United Kingdom, and the male antenna has only seven, not ten, segments which are not tapered towards the base and strongly pectinate unlike the Scarce Forester, Jordanita globulariae (Hübner, 1793).

In the United Kingdom (1 787 records on NBN Trust (2025)) the Cistus Forester ranges from southern England to Cumbria and Durham in the north but does not range southwest of Dorset ( Randle et al., 2019), nor to Ireland. In Wales it occurs on the Great Orme ( Randle et al., 2019). The Cistus Forester has disappeared from the former eastern parts of its range ( Randle et al., 2019). In the Palaearctic, the species ranges from the north of the Iberian Peninsula through central Europe, although is absent from higher latitudes such as Scandinavia ( GBIF Secretariat, 2025) (ignoring false New World records belonging to mis-ascribed Sphingidae), it occurs in Ukraine, European Russia and north-west Turkey ( Efetov & Tarmann, 1999),

Adscita geryon occurs on calcareous grasslands, favouring south facing slopes ( Waring et al., 2017), and this diurnal moth, although quite localised, can be locally abundant ( Randle et al., 2019). In the United Kingdom it flies from early May to mid-July with a peak in early June ( Randle et al., 2019), rarely August ( Waring et al., 2017). The adult is fond of flowers of various trefoils and thyme ( Waring et al., 2017). In Europe, the larva feeds principally on Common Rock Rose Helianthemum nummularium (L.) Mill. and other species of Helianthemum, while in captivity it is known to feed on species of Geraniaceae and, for the first instar only, Rumex L. (Polygonaceae) ( Efetov & Tarmann, 1999). The hairy larva, with darker brown longitudinal stripes, feeds from July to May, overwintering low down and pupating on a cocoon on the ground ( Waring et al., 2017). See Lepiforum (2025) for pictures of its early stages.

The DNA barcode from the present A. geryon mitogenome assembly (OZ193787.1) represents the COI-5P cluster Barcode Index Number (BIN) BOLD:ABY4365, with up to 2.25% variability ( n = 75), on BOLD (29/07/2025). It is identical to a haplotype from Europe. This mitochondrial cluster also includes Adscita albanica (Naufock, 1926) and the nearest neighbour is A. capitalis (Staudinger, 1879) (BOLD:ACE3127) lwhich has a p-distance of 1.2% from OZ193787.1. In contrast, there are two other clusters on BOLD – both identified as A. geryon – BOLD:ABY8878 (Italy; about 3.06% p-distant) and BOLD:ABY8876 (North Macedonia, Serbia and Italy; about 3.6% p-distant), either of which might approximate to A. geryon sspp. acutafibra Verity, 1946 or orientalis Alberti, 1938. The genus Adscita Retzius, 1783, feeding on Cistaceae and Polygonaceae is sister to + Jordanita Verity, 1946, feeding on Asteraceae ( Miric et al., 2024).

We present a chromosomally complete genome sequence for Adscita geryon, the Cistus Forester. The assembly was produced using the Tree of Life pipeline from a specimen collected in Aston Rowant, England, United Kingdom ( Figure 1), as part of the Darwin Tree of Life project. The genome will be useful not only for studies of species phylogeography but for phylogenetics. The branching pattern of Adscita, which included as exemplars A. geryon and an early branching species, Adscita mauretanica (Naufock, 1932) based on one mitochondrial and seven nuclear gene fragments, has so far proved hard to resolve considering an inferred shallow radiation in the last 15 million years ( Miric et al., 2024).

Photograph of Adscita geryon on Chiltern Gentian (not the specimen used for genome sequencing).

Methods

Sample acquisition and DNA barcoding

The specimen used for genome sequencing was an adult female Adscita geryon (specimen ID NHMUK013698373, ToLID ilAdsGery1; Figure 1), collected from Aston Rowant, England, United Kingdom (latitude 51.67, longitude –0.95) on 2022-06-04. The specimen was collected and identified by David Lees (Natural History Museum). Sample metadata were collected in line with the Darwin Tree of Life project standards described by Lawniczak et al. (2022).

The initial identification was verified by an additional DNA barcoding process according to the framework developed by Twyford et al. (2024). A small sample was dissected from the specimen and stored in ethanol, while the remaining parts were shipped on dry ice to the Wellcome Sanger Institute (WSI) (see the protocol). The tissue was lysed, the COI marker region was amplified by PCR, and amplicons were sequenced and compared to the BOLD database, confirming the species identification ( Crowley et al., 2023). Following whole genome sequence generation, the relevant DNA barcode region was also used alongside the initial barcoding data for sample tracking at the WSI ( Twyford et al., 2024). The standard operating procedures for Darwin Tree of Life barcoding are available on protocols.io.

Nucleic acid extraction

Protocols for high molecular weight (HMW) DNA extraction developed at the Wellcome Sanger Institute (WSI) Tree of Life Core Laboratory are available on protocols.io ( Howard et al., 2025). The ilAdsGery1 sample was weighed and triaged to determine the appropriate extraction protocol. Tissue from the whole organism was homogenised by powermashing using a PowerMasher II tissue disruptor.

HMW DNA was extracted in the WSI Scientific Operations core using the Automated MagAttract v2 protocol. DNA was sheared into an average fragment size of 12–20 kb following the Megaruptor®3 for LI PacBio protocol. Sheared DNA was purified by automated SPRI (solid-phase reversible immobilisation). The concentration of the sheared and purified DNA was assessed using a Nanodrop spectrophotometer and Qubit Fluorometer using the Qubit dsDNA High Sensitivity Assay kit. Fragment size distribution was evaluated by running the sample on the FemtoPulse system. For this sample, the final post-shearing DNA had a Qubit concentration of 57.82 ng/μL and a yield of 2 717.54 ng, with a fragment size of 16.4 kb. The 260/280 spectrophotometric ratio was 1.88, and the 260/230 ratio was 2.31.

PacBio HiFi library preparation and sequencing

Library preparation and sequencing were performed at the WSI Scientific Operations core. Libraries were prepared using the SMRTbell Prep Kit 3.0 (Pacific Biosciences, California, USA), following the manufacturer’s instructions. The kit includes reagents for end repair/A-tailing, adapter ligation, post-ligation SMRTbell bead clean-up, and nuclease treatment. Size selection and clean-up were performed using diluted AMPure PB beads (Pacific Biosciences). DNA concentration was quantified using a Qubit Fluorometer v4.0 (ThermoFisher Scientific) and the Qubit 1X dsDNA HS assay kit. Final library fragment size was assessed with the Agilent Femto Pulse Automated Pulsed Field CE Instrument (Agilent Technologies) using the gDNA 55 kb BAC analysis kit.

The sample was sequenced on a Revio instrument (Pacific Biosciences). The prepared library was normalised to 2 nM, and 15 μL was used for making complexes. Primers were annealed and polymerases bound to generate circularised complexes, following the manufacturer’s instructions. Complexes were purified using 1.2X SMRTbell beads, then diluted to the Revio loading concentration (200–300 pM) and spiked with a Revio sequencing internal control. The sample was sequenced on a Revio 25M SMRT cell. The SMRT Link software (Pacific Biosciences), a web-based workflow manager, was used to configure and monitor the run and to carry out primary and secondary data analysis.

Hi-C

** Sample preparation and crosslinking **

The Hi-C sample was prepared from 20–50 mg of frozen whole organism tissue of the ilAdsGery1 sample using the Arima-HiC v2 kit (Arima Genomics). Following the manufacturer’s instructions, tissue was fixed and DNA crosslinked using TC buffer to a final formaldehyde concentration of 2%. The tissue was homogenised using the Diagnocine Power Masher-II. Crosslinked DNA was digested with a restriction enzyme master mix, biotinylated, and ligated. Clean-up was performed with SPRISelect beads before library preparation. DNA concentration was measured with the Qubit Fluorometer (Thermo Fisher Scientific) and Qubit HS Assay Kit. The biotinylation percentage was estimated using the Arima-HiC v2 QC beads.

** Hi-C library preparation and sequencing **

Biotinylated DNA constructs were fragmented using a Covaris E220 sonicator and size selected to 400–600 bp using SPRISelect beads. DNA was enriched with Arima-HiC v2 kit Enrichment beads. End repair, A-tailing, and adapter ligation were carried out with the NEBNext Ultra II DNA Library Prep Kit (New England Biolabs), following a modified protocol where library preparation occurs while DNA remains bound to the Enrichment beads. Library amplification was performed using KAPA HiFi HotStart mix and a custom Unique Dual Index (UDI) barcode set (Integrated DNA Technologies). Depending on sample concentration and biotinylation percentage determined at the crosslinking stage, libraries were amplified with 10 to 16 PCR cycles. Post-PCR clean-up was performed with SPRISelect beads. Libraries were quantified using the AccuClear Ultra High Sensitivity dsDNA Standards Assay Kit (Biotium) and a FLUOstar Omega plate reader (BMG Labtech).

Prior to sequencing, libraries were normalised to 10 ng/μL. Normalised libraries were quantified again and equimolar and/or weighted 2.8 nM pools. Pool concentrations were checked using the Agilent 4200 TapeStation (Agilent) with High Sensitivity D500 reagents before sequencing. Sequencing was performed using paired-end 150 bp reads on the Illumina NovaSeq X.

Genome assembly

Prior to assembly of the PacBio HiFi reads, a database of k-mer counts ( k = 31) was generated from the filtered reads using FastK. GenomeScope2 ( Ranallo-Benavidez et al., 2020) was used to analyse the k-mer frequency distributions, providing estimates of genome size, heterozygosity, and repeat content.

The HiFi reads were assembled using Hifiasm in Hi-C phasing mode ( Cheng et al., 2021; Cheng et al., 2022), producing two haplotypes. Hi-C reads ( Rao et al., 2014) were mapped to the primary contigs using bwa-mem2 ( Vasimuddin et al., 2019). Contigs were further scaffolded with Hi-C data in YaHS ( Zhou et al., 2023), using the --break option for handling potential misassemblies. The scaffolded assemblies were evaluated using Gfastats ( Formenti et al., 2022), BUSCO ( Manni et al., 2021) and MERQURY.FK ( Rhie et al., 2020).

The mitochondrial genome was assembled using MitoHiFi ( Uliano-Silva et al., 2023), which runs MitoFinder ( Allio et al., 2020) and uses these annotations to select the final mitochondrial contig and to ensure the general quality of the sequence.

Assembly curation

The assembly was decontaminated using the Assembly Screen for Cobionts and Contaminants ( ASCC) pipeline. TreeVal was used to generate the flat files and maps for use in curation. Manual curation was conducted primarily in PretextView and HiGlass ( Kerpedjiev et al., 2018). Scaffolds were visually inspected and corrected as described by Howe et al. (2021). Manual corrections included 19 breaks and 215 joins. The curation process is described at https://gitlab.com/wtsi-grit/rapid-curation. PretextSnapshot was used to generate a Hi-C contact map of the final assembly.

Assembly quality assessment

The Merqury.FK tool ( Rhie et al., 2020) was run in a Singularity container ( Kurtzer et al., 2017) to evaluate k-mer completeness and assembly quality for both haplotypes using the k-mer databases ( k = 31) computed prior to genome assembly. The analysis outputs included assembly QV scores and completeness statistics.

The genome was analysed using the BlobToolKit pipeline, a Nextflow implementation of the earlier Snakemake version ( Challis et al., 2020). The pipeline aligns PacBio reads using minimap2 ( Li, 2018) and SAMtools ( Danecek et al., 2021) to generate coverage tracks. It runs BUSCO ( Manni et al., 2021) using lineages identified from the NCBI Taxonomy ( Schoch et al., 2020). For the three domain-level lineages, BUSCO genes are aligned to the UniProt Reference Proteomes database ( Bateman et al., 2023) using DIAMOND blastp ( Buchfink et al., 2021). The genome is divided into chunks based on the density of BUSCO genes from the closest taxonomic lineage, and each chunk is aligned to the UniProt Reference Proteomes database with DIAMOND blastx. Sequences without hits are chunked using seqtk and aligned to the NT database with blastn ( Altschul et al., 1990). The BlobToolKit suite consolidates all outputs into a blobdir for visualisation. The BlobToolKit pipeline was developed using nf-core tooling ( Ewels et al., 2020) and MultiQC ( Ewels et al., 2016), with containerisation through Docker ( Merkel, 2014) and Singularity ( Kurtzer et al., 2017).

Genome sequence report

Sequence data

PacBio sequencing of the Adscita geryon specimen generated 63.36 Gb (gigabases) from 5.39 million reads, which were used to assemble the genome. GenomeScope2.0 analysis estimated the haploid genome size at 711.56 Mb, with a heterozygosity of 0.82% and repeat content of 44.21% ( Figure 2). These estimates guided expectations for the assembly. Based on the estimated genome size, the sequencing data provided approximately 86× coverage. Hi-C sequencing produced 97.99 Gb from 648.94 million reads, which were used to scaffold the assembly. Table 1 summarises the specimen and sequencing details.

Frequency distribution of k-mers generated using GenomeScope2.The plot shows observed and modelled k-mer spectra, providing estimates of genome size, heterozygosity, and repeat content based on unassembled sequencing reads.

Assembly statistics

The genome was assembled into two haplotypes using Hi-C phasing. Haplotype 1 was curated to chromosome level, while haplotype 2 was assembled to scaffold level. The final assembly has a total length of 764.63 Mb in 114 scaffolds, with 273 gaps, and a scaffold N50 of 24.94 Mb ( Table 2).

Most of the assembly sequence (99.63%) was assigned to 32 chromosomal-level scaffolds, representing 30 autosomes and the W and Z sex chromosomes. These chromosome-level scaffolds, confirmed by Hi-C data, are named according to size ( Figure 3; Table 3). Chromosomes Z and W were assigned by HiC signal.

Hi-C contact map of the Adscita geryon genome assembly.Assembled chromosomes are shown in order of size and labelled along the axes, with a megabase scale shown below. The plot was generated using PretextSnapshot.

Table 3.: Chromosomal pseudomolecules in the haplotype 1 genome assembly of Adscita geryon ilAdsGery1.

The mitochondrial genome was also assembled. This sequence is included as a contig in the multifasta file of the genome submission and as a standalone record.

For haplotype 1, the estimated QV is 62.4, and for haplotype 2, 62.9. When the two haplotypes are combined, the assembly achieves an estimated QV of 62.6. The k-mer completeness is 83.82% for haplotype 1, 79.84% for haplotype 2, and 99.40% for the combined haplotypes ( Figure 4).

Evaluation of k-mer completeness using MerquryFK.This plot illustrates the recovery of k-mers from the original read data in the final assemblies. The horizontal axis represents k-mer multiplicity, and the vertical axis shows the number of k-mers. The black curve represents k-mers that appear in the reads but are not assembled. The green curve corresponds to k-mers shared by both haplotypes, and the red and blue curves show k-mers found only in one of the haplotypes.

BUSCO analysis using the lepidoptera_odb10 reference set ( n = 5 286) identified 98.0% of the expected gene set (single = 97.3%, duplicated = 0.8%) for haplotype 1. The snail plot in Figure 5 summarises the scaffold length distribution and other assembly statistics for haplotype 1. The blob plot in Figure 6 shows the distribution of scaffolds by GC proportion and coverage for haplotype 1.

Assembly metrics for ilAdsGery1.hap1.1.The BlobToolKit snail plot provides an overview of assembly metrics and BUSCO gene completeness. The circumference represents the length of the whole genome sequence, and the main plot is divided into 1 000 bins around the circumference. The outermost blue tracks display the distribution of GC, AT, and N percentages across the bins. Scaffolds are arranged clockwise from longest to shortest and are depicted in dark grey. The longest scaffold is indicated by the red arc, and the deeper orange and pale orange arcs represent the N50 and N90 lengths. A light grey spiral at the centre shows the cumulative scaffold count on a logarithmic scale. A summary of complete, fragmented, duplicated, and missing BUSCO genes in the set is presented at the top right. An interactive version of this figure can be accessed on the BlobToolKit viewer.

BlobToolKit GC-coverage plot for ilAdsGery1.hap1.1.Blob plot showing sequence coverage (vertical axis) and GC content (horizontal axis). The circles represent scaffolds, with the size proportional to scaffold length and the colour representing phylum membership. The histograms along the axes display the total length of sequences distributed across different levels of coverage and GC content. An interactive version of this figure is available on the BlobToolKit viewer.

Table 4 lists the assembly metric benchmarks adapted from Rhie et al. (2021) the Earth BioGenome Project Report on Assembly Standards September 2024. The EBP metric, calculated for the haplotype 1, is 6.C.Q62, meeting the recommended reference standard.

Table 4.: Earth Biogenome Project summary metrics for the Adscita geryon assembly.

Wellcome Sanger Institute – Legal and Governance

The materials that have contributed to this genome note have been supplied by a Darwin Tree of Life Partner. The submission of materials by a Darwin Tree of Life Partner is subject to the ‘Darwin Tree of Life Project Sampling Code of Practice’, which can be found in full on the Darwin Tree of Life website. By agreeing with and signing up to the Sampling Code of Practice, the Darwin Tree of Life Partner agrees they will meet the legal and ethical requirements and standards set out within this document in respect of all samples acquired for, and supplied to, the Darwin Tree of Life Project. Further, the Wellcome Sanger Institute employs a process whereby due diligence is carried out proportionate to the nature of the materials themselves, and the circumstances under which they have been/are to be collected and provided for use. The purpose of this is to address and mitigate any potential legal and/or ethical implications of receipt and use of the materials as part of the research project, and to ensure that in doing so we align with best practice wherever possible. The overarching areas of consideration are:

Ethical review of provenance and sourcing of the materialLegality of collection, transfer and use (national and international)

Each transfer of samples is further undertaken according to a Research Collaboration Agreement or Material Transfer Agreement entered into by the Darwin Tree of Life Partner, Genome Research Limited (operating as the Wellcome Sanger Institute), and in some circumstances, other Darwin Tree of Life collaborators.