Pertussis in Infancy: A Case of Delayed Diagnosis

TL;DR

A 13-month-old child was misdiagnosed with a viral infection before being correctly diagnosed with pertussis, highlighting the need for early recognition and vaccination.

Contribution

The case emphasizes the importance of timely diagnosis and vaccination awareness to prevent severe complications.

Findings

Early symptoms of pertussis can mimic viral infections, leading to delayed diagnosis.

Timely PCR testing confirmed the diagnosis after the characteristic cough appeared.

Prophylactic treatment was administered to close contacts to prevent further spread.

Abstract

Bordetella pertussis is a gram-negative bacterium that primarily infects the respiratory tract. We report the case of a 13-month-old male patient who developed pertussis. At the initial clinic presentation, the diagnosis was not immediately considered, as the early manifestations closely mimicked those of a viral upper respiratory infection. As the illness progressed, the classic paroxysmal cough with inspiratory “whoop” became apparent, prompting the correct diagnosis. At that time, a nasopharyngeal swab was obtained, which tested positive for Bordetella pertussis by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The patient was prescribed a five-day course of azithromycin, and close contacts were given prophylactic treatment.

This case underscores the critical importance of early recognition and timely diagnosis to prevent potentially life-threatening complications. It also highlights the necessity of vaccination awareness. Educating parents and caregivers on the benefits of immunization against vaccine-preventable diseases is essential to safeguard vulnerable individuals and to promote community-wide protection through herd immunity.