A Brainstem‐Dominant Acute Disseminated Encephalomyelitis Presenting With Magnetic Resonance Imaging Findings Similar to Those of Chronic Lymphocytic Inflammation With Pontine Perivascular Enhancement Responsive to Steroid Syndrome

TL;DR

This paper discusses a brainstem-dominant form of acute disseminated encephalomyelitis that resembles another condition on MRI scans.

Contribution

It highlights the importance of differentiating between two similar neurological conditions based on imaging and clinical features.

Findings

Acute disseminated encephalomyelitis can present with brainstem symptoms and symmetrical basal ganglia lesions.

Differentiation from chronic lymphocytic inflammation with pontine perivascular enhancement is crucial for proper treatment.

Abstract

Acute disseminated encephalomyelitis can present with brainstem symptoms and bilateral symmetrical lesions in the basal ganglia. In such cases, differentiation from chronic lymphocytic inflammation with pontine perivascular enhancement responsive to steroids syndrome is necessary.

Figures

Full text

A 78‐year‐old man, diagnosed with hypertension and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, presented to our hospital with an acute fever. He was alert (Glasgow Coma Scale E4V5M6) with a body temperature of 39.0°C, a respiratory rate of 16 breaths/min, and O_2_ saturation of 93% on 4 L/min O_2_. Physical examination revealed only coarse crackles in both lower lung fields. Blood tests showed a white blood cell count, neutrophils, and C‐reactive protein levels of 8840 cells/μL, 87.4%, and 5.7 mg/dL (< 0.14 mg/dL), respectively. However, the chest computed tomography (CT) revealed bronchopneumonia in both lower lobes. Despite ceftriaxone administration (2 g/day), his fever and inflammatory response persisted. Aspiration occurred on Day 6, followed by lower limb weakness with manual muscle testing of 3 on Day 7. The patient became drowsy, and a head CT revealed a new hypoattenuation on the pons' right side. On Day 8, he exhibited progressive disturbances in consciousness and left eye abduction impairment, with a positive left Babinski sign. Head magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) showed symmetrical high signal intensities on FLAIR images in the basal ganglia, external capsule, and thalamus, with punctate high signals in the pons' median part and bilaterally (predominantly on the right side, Figure 1). The imaging findings matched the clinical symptoms and physical examination results. Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) analysis revealed a mononuclear cell count and protein levels of 54 cells/μL and 67 mg/dL, respectively. These findings suggested a central inflammatory disease, including chronic lymphocytic inflammation with pontine perivascular enhancement responsive to steroids (CLIPPERS) syndrome; treatment with methylprednisolone (500 mg/day) was initiated for 3 days. Subsequently, the patient experienced a rapid defervescence, improved levels of consciousness, and resolution of dysphagia and left lower limb weakness. The clinical course and CSF analysis showing elevated myelin basic protein levels (157 pg/mL, reference value below 102.0 pg/mL) confirmed acute disseminated encephalomyelitis (ADEM). Antinuclear antibodies, myeloperoxidase‐antineutrophilic cytoplasmic antibody (ANCA), cytoplasmic‐ANCA, soluble interleukin‐2 receptor, angiotensin‐converting enzyme, and anti‐aquaporin 4 antibody antibodies were negative. The steroid treatment was gradually reduced and stopped on Day 9. Currently, at 16 months post discharge, he remains symptom‐free without any relapse, with improved head MRI findings (Figure 2).

Multiple, bilateral, asymmetric cerebellar lesions on head MRI characterize ADEM [1]. Differentiating ADEM from neurosarcoidosis, multiple sclerosis, and CLIPPERS syndrome is crucial. Here, brainstem symptoms were predominant, and the MRI showed symmetrical lesions in the basal ganglia and salt‐and‐pepper‐like findings in the brainstem characteristic of CLIPPERS syndrome [2], which posed a diagnostic challenge. Although elevated CSF myelin basic protein sensitivity and specificity have not been assessed in ADEM [3], its elevation is frequently observed in ADEM. Conversely, no such elevation has been reported in CLIPPERS syndrome. While most CLIPPERS syndrome cases relapse after steroid cessation [2], relapses are less common in ADEM. ADEM can present with bilateral lesions in the deep gray matter and brainstem [1]; thus, here, the ADEM diagnosis was consistent with the literature.

In conclusion, ADEM can present with brainstem symptoms and bilateral symmetrical lesions in the basal ganglia, requiring differentiation from CLIPPERS syndrome; therefore, measuring CSF myelin basic protein may be helpful.

Author Contributions

Masahiko Ezoe: conceptualization, investigation, writing – original draft. Risa Hirata: conceptualization, investigation, writing – original draft. Masafumi Kosugi: investigation, writing – review and editing. Masaki Tago: conceptualization, writing – review and editing.

Ethics Statement

This manuscript complies with the provisions of the 1995 Declaration of Helsinki (as revised in Brazil 2013).

Consent

Written informed consent was obtained from the patient to publish this report in accordance with the journal's patient consent policy.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflicts of interest.