Systems of PDEs obtained from factorization in loop groups

TL;DR

This paper generalizes the Drinfeld-Sokolov scheme to associate integrable PDE hierarchies with affine Kac-Moody algebras and parabolic subalgebras, providing a coordinatization theorem and geometric solution methods.

Contribution

It introduces a unified framework for positive and negative PDE hierarchies from affine Kac-Moody algebras, extending classical integrable systems theory.

Findings

Established a coordinatization theorem linking PDEs to algebra rank.

Generalized the KdV and Toda hierarchies within this framework.

Demonstrated geometric solutions for specific hierarchies.

Abstract

We propose a generalization of a Drinfeld-Sokolov scheme of attaching integrable systems of PDEs to affine Kac-Moody algebras. With every affine Kac-Moody algebra $\gg$ and a parabolic subalgebra $\gp$, we associate two hierarchies of PDEs. One, called positive, is a generalization of the KdV hierarchy, the other, called negative, generalizes the Toda hierarchy. We prove a coordinatization theorem, which establishes that the number of functions needed to express all PDEs of the the total hierarchy equals the rank of $\gg$. The choice of functions, however, is shown to depend in a noncanonical way on $\gp$. We employ a version of the Birkhoff decomposition and a ``2-loop'' formulation which allows us to incorporate geometrically meaningful solutions to those hierarchies. We illustrate our formalism for positive hierarchies with a generalization of the Boussinesq system and for the negative hierarchies with the stationary Bogoyavlenskii equation.