On the general equation of motion of quantum thermodynamics and the distinction between quantal and nonquantal uncertainties

TL;DR

This paper introduces a comprehensive quantum theory that unifies mechanics, thermodynamics, and irreversibility through a new nonlinear equation of motion, clarifying the distinction between quantal and nonquantal uncertainties in ensembles.

Contribution

It presents a novel nonlinear quantum equation of motion extending Schrödinger's equation and a measure-theoretic framework for distinguishing quantal and nonquantal uncertainties.

Findings

The new equation accounts for thermodynamic irreversibility and entropy increase.

It unifies quantum mechanics and thermodynamics within a single theoretical framework.

The measure-theoretic approach clearly separates intrinsic quantum uncertainties from stochastic uncertainties.

Abstract

A general quantum theory encompassing Mechanics, Thermodynamics and irreversible dynamics is presented in two parts. The first part is concerned exclusively with the description of the states of any individual physical system. It is based on a new nonlinear quantum equation of motion, which reduces to the Schroedinger equation of motion of motion of conventional quantum dynamics only under special conditions. It accounts for the implications of the laws of Thermodynamics as well as for irreversible phenomena, such as the natural tendency of an isolated system to transit from any non-equilibrium state to an equilibrium state of higher entropy. Conversely, the laws of Thermodynamics and irreversibility emerge as manifestations of the fundamental quantum dynamical behaviour of the elementary constituents of any material system. We call this part Quantum Thermodynamics. The second part of the theory, which contains the first as a special case, is concerned with the description of stochastic distributions of states in an ensemble of identical physical systems each of which individually obeys the laws of Quantum Thermodynamics. It is based on a new measure-theoretic description of ensembles. It accounts unambiguously for the essential distinction between two types of uncertainties that are generally present in an ensemble, namely, quantal uncertainties due to the inherent quantal nature of the states of each individual member system and nonquantal uncertainties due to the stochastic distribution of states. We call this part Quantum Statistical Thermodynamics.