The Mediterranean deep-sea fauna: historical evolution, bathymetric variations and geographical changes

TL;DR

This paper reviews the historical, bathymetric, and geographical factors shaping the deep-sea fauna of the Mediterranean, highlighting its relative impoverishment and evolutionary history since the Messinian salinity crisis.

Contribution

It provides a comprehensive analysis of the evolutionary and environmental factors influencing Mediterranean deep-sea fauna, emphasizing historical, bathymetric, and biogeographical aspects.

Findings

Deep Mediterranean fauna is relatively impoverished and lacks distinctive characteristics.

Deeper habitats in the Mediterranean have broader distributions elsewhere.

Mediterranean deep-sea fauna is younger than other deep-sea regions.

Abstract

The deep-water fauna of the Mediterranean is characterized by an absence of distinctive characteristics and by a relative impoverishment. Both are a result of events after the Messinian salinity crisis (Late Miocene). The three main classes of phenomena involved in producing or recording these effects are analysed and discussed: - Historical: Sequential faunal changes during the Pliocene and thereafter in particular those during the Quaternary glaciations and still in progress. - Bathymetric: Changes in the vertical aspects of the Bathyal and Abyssal zones that took place under peculiar conditions, i.e. homothermy, a relative oligotrophy, the barrier of the Gibraltar sill, and water mass movement. The deeper the habitat of a species in the Mediterranean, the more extensive is its distribution elsewhere. - Geographical: There are strong affinities and relationships between Mediterranean and Atlantic faunas. Endemic species remain a biogeographical problem. Species always become smaller in size eastward where they occupy a progressively deeper habitat. Thus, the existing deep Mediterranean Sea appears to be younger than any other deep-sea constituent of the World Ocean.