The Relativity of Discovery: Hilbert's First Note on the Foundations of Physics

TL;DR

This paper examines Hilbert's first note on the foundations of physics, its historical context, and its relation to Einstein's work on general relativity, highlighting parallel research and unresolved questions about their interactions.

Contribution

The paper provides a detailed analysis of Hilbert's initial note, its proofs, and its connection to Einstein's development of general relativity, clarifying historical ambiguities.

Findings

Hilbert's proofs differ from the published version, indicating revisions.

Hilbert and Einstein's research activities were closely parallel in 1915.

The paper clarifies Hilbert's research focus and his interaction with Einstein.

Abstract

Hilbert's paper on ``The Foundations of Physics (First Communication),'' is now primarily known for its parallel publication of essentially the same gravitational field equations of general relativity which Einstein published in a note on ``The Field Equations of Gravitation,'' five days later, on November 25, 1915. An intense correspondence between Hilbert and Einstein in the crucial month of November 1915, furthermore, confronts the historian with a case of parallel research and with the associated problem of reconstructing the interaction between Hilbert and Einstein at that time. Previous assessments of these issues have recently been challenged by Leo Corry, J\"urgen Renn, and John Stachel who draw attention to a hitherto unnoticed first set of proofs for Hilbert's note. These proofs bear a printer's stamp of December 6 and display substantial differences to the published version. By focussing on the consequences of these findings for the reconstruction of Einstein's path towards general relativity, a number of questions about Hilbert's role in the episode, however, are left open. To what extent did Hilbert react to Einstein? What were Hilbert's research concerns in his note, and how did they come to overlap with Einstein's to some extent in the fall of 1915? How did Hilbert and Einstein regard each other and their concurrent activities at the time? What did Hilbert hope to achieve, and what, after all, did he achieve? With these questions in mind I discuss in this paper Hilbert's first note on the ``Foundations of Physics,'' its prehistory and characteristic features, and, for heuristic purposes, I do so largely from Hilbert's perspective.