The birth of special relativity. "One more essay on the subject"

TL;DR

This paper reviews the historical development of special relativity, analyzing the contributions of Lorentz, Poincare, and Einstein, highlighting their different approaches and the theory's evolution at the turn of the 20th century.

Contribution

It provides a detailed historical comparison of the works of Lorentz, Poincare, and Einstein, clarifying their roles in the development of special relativity.

Findings

Both Einstein and Poincare developed coherent relativistic theories.

Lorentz, Poincare, and Einstein contributed uniquely to the theory's foundation.

The paper discusses the differing views on the ether among the pioneers.

Abstract

Special relativity was discovered at the eve of the century, but finds its roots in the 19th century efforts to understand the optics and electromagnetism of moving bodies. These roots are reviewed in Parts 1 and 2, the latter being specially devoted to the works of Lorentz and of Poincare up to 1904. Part 3 contains a detailed comparison of the works of Einstein and of Poincare in 1905. It is shown that both authors succeeded in constructing a coherent and fully relativistic theory, although their ideas about the ether were radically different. In Part 4, the question of the respective merits of the three potential fathers of special relativity (i.e. Lorentz, Poincare, Einstein) is discussed again, at the light of the preceding analysis and of the "post-1905" developments of the theory.