Discreteness of spectrum and positivity criteria for Schr\"odinger operators

TL;DR

This paper establishes new necessary and sufficient conditions for the spectrum of Schrödinger operators to be discrete, extending classical criteria by refining negligibility notions and solving a long-standing problem posed by Gelfand.

Contribution

It introduces a generalized negligibility concept with variable constants, providing a complete characterization of spectrum discreteness criteria for Schrödinger operators.

Findings

Refined the classical Molchanov criterion with an arbitrarily adjustable constant.

Solved Gelfand's problem from 1953 regarding negligibility constants.

Established strict positivity criteria for Schrödinger operators with non-negative potentials.

Abstract

We provide a class of necessary and sufficient conditions for the discreteness of spectrum of Schr\"odinger operators with scalar potentials which are semibounded below. The classical discreteness of spectrum criterion by A.M.Molchanov (1953) uses a notion of negligible set in a cube as a set whose Wiener's capacity is less than a small constant times the capacity of the cube. We prove that this constant can be taken arbitrarily between 0 and 1. This solves a problem formulated by I.M.Gelfand in 1953. Moreover, we extend the notion of negligibility by allowing the constant to depend on the size of the cube. We give a complete description of all negligibility conditions of this kind. The a priori equivalence of our conditions involving different negligibility classes is a non-trivial property of the capacity. We also establish similar strict positivity criteria for the Schr\"odinger operators with non-negative potentials.