Contraction of broken symmetries via Kac-Moody formalism

TL;DR

This paper explores how symmetry algebras of the 2-D Kepler system are reduced via Kac-Moody formalism when symmetry-breaking terms are introduced, revealing new contraction behaviors and a general procedure for generalized contractions.

Contribution

It introduces a novel approach to symmetry contraction using Kac-Moody algebras and demonstrates the phenomenon of deformation contraction hysteresis with explicit examples.

Findings

Symmetry algebra reduces to subalgebras of codimension 2 or 3.

Contracted algebras differ depending on the order of limits, illustrating hysteresis.

New contraction limits lead to Heisenberg-Weyl or abelian algebras instead of Euclidean algebra.

Abstract

I investigate contractions via Kac-Moody formalism. In particular, I show how the symmetry algebra of the standard 2-D Kepler system, which was identified by Daboul and Slodowy as an infinite-dimensional Kac-Moody loop algebra, and was denoted by ${\mathbb H}_2 $, gets reduced by the symmetry breaking term, defined by the Hamiltonian \[ H(\beta)= \frac 1 {2m} (p_1^2+p_2^2)- \frac \alpha r - \beta r^{-1/2} \cos ((\phi-\gamma)/2). \] For this $H (\beta)$ I define two symmetry loop algebras ${\mathfrak L}_{i}(\beta), i=1,2$, by choosing the `basic generators' differently. These ${\mathfrak L}_{i}(\beta)$ can be mapped isomorphically onto subalgebras of ${\mathbb H}_2 $, of codimension 2 or 3, revealing the reduction of symmetry. Both factor algebras ${\mathfrak L}_i(\beta)/I_i(E,\beta)$, relative to the corresponding energy-dependent ideals $I_i(E,\beta)$, are isomorphic to ${\mathfrak so}(3)$ and ${\mathfrak so}(2,1)$ for $E<0$ and $E>0$, respectively, just as for the pure Kepler case. However, they yield two different non-standard contractions as $E \to 0$, namely to the Heisenberg-Weyl algebra ${\mathfrak h}_3={\mathfrak w}_1$ or to an abelian Lie algebra, instead of the Euclidean algebra ${\mathfrak e}(2)$ for the pure Kepler case. The above example suggests a general procedure for defining generalized contractions, and also illustrates the {\em `deformation contraction hysteresis'}, where contraction which involve two contraction parameters can yield different contracted algebras, if the limits are carried out in different order.