Non-Abelian Stokes Theorem and Quark Confinement in SU(N) Yang-Mills Gauge Theory

TL;DR

This paper derives a new non-Abelian Stokes theorem for SU(N) gauge theories, demonstrating quark confinement via magnetic monopoles and geometric phases, using instanton calculus and large N expansion.

Contribution

It introduces a novel form of the non-Abelian Stokes theorem for SU(N) and links quark confinement to magnetic monopoles and geometric phases in Yang-Mills theory.

Findings

Abelian dominance in string tension confirmed

Wilson loop area law derived in four-dimensional SU(N)

Quark confinement explained via magnetic monopoles and holonomy

Abstract

We derive a new version of the non-Abelian Stokes theorem for the Wilson loop in the SU(N) case by making use of the coherent state representation on the coset space $SU(N)/U(1)^{N-1}=F_{N-1}$, the flag space. We consider the SU(N) Yang-Mills theory in the maximal Abelian gauge in which SU(N) is broken down to $U(1)^{N-1}$. First, we show that the Abelian dominance in the string tension follows from this theorem and the Abelian-projected effective gauge theory that was derived by one of the authors. Next (but independently), combining the non-Abelian Stokes theorem with a novel reformulation of the Yang-Mills theory recently proposed by one of the authors, we proceed to derive the area law of the Wilson loop in four-dimensional SU(N) Yang-Mills theory in the maximal Abelian gauge. Owing to dimensional reduction, the planar Wilson loop at least for the fundamental representation in four-dimensional SU(N) Yang-Mills theory can be estimated by the diagonal (Abelian) Wilson loop defined in the two-dimensional $CP^{N-1}$ model. This derivation shows that the fundamental quarks are confined by a single species of magnetic monopole. The origin of the area law is related to the geometric phase of the Wilczek-Zee holonomy for $U(N-1)$. The calculations are performed using the instanton calculus (in the dilute instanton-gas approximation) and using the large $N$ expansion (in the leading order).