Entropy Defined, Entropy Increase and Decoherence Understood, and Some Black-Hole Puzzles Solved

TL;DR

This paper offers a new definition of macrostate and entropy in quantum gravity, linking black hole entropy to thermodynamics, and proposes a resolution to the information-loss puzzle through gravity's role as an environment enabling decoherence.

Contribution

It introduces an objective macrostate concept in quantum gravity, unifies black hole and thermodynamic entropy, and suggests gravity as a universal environment for decoherence.

Findings

Black hole entropy aligns with thermodynamic entropy.

Gravity acts as a universal environment causing decoherence.

Proposes a resolution to the information-loss puzzle.

Abstract

Statistical mechanics explains thermodynamics in terms of (quantum) mechanics by equating the entropy of a microstate of a closed system with the logarithm of the number of microstates in the macrostate to which it belongs, but the question `what is a macrostate?' has never been answered except in a vague, subjective, way. However Hawking's discovery of black hole evaporation led to a formula for black hole entropy with no subjective element. In this letter, we argue from this result, together with the assumption that `black hole thermodynamics is just ordinary thermodynamics applied to black holes', that a macrostate for a general (quantum gravitational) closed system is an equivalence class of matter-gravity microstates with the same expectation values for the matter degrees of freedom alone. Not only does this finally answer the question `what is entropy?', but it also predicts the equality of the thermodynamic entropy of a black hole with the matter and the gravity entropy-like quantities derived from the Euclidean path integral. Furthermore it gives us a clear glimpse of an ultimate synthesis of quantum theory and gravity in which we see that (a) gravity acts as a universal environment, thus predicting that, if the initial state of the universe is unentangled, its entropy must go on increasing forever, (b) the gravitational field has degrees of freedom, but no observables, thus enabling gravity to perform the trick of providing an objective continual process of decoherence. All the above rests on the validity of unitarity. The `information-loss puzzle' had raised doubts about that. But we suggest a resolution for this puzzle.