Vacuum-Bounded States and the Entropy of Black Hole Evaporation

TL;DR

This paper investigates the maximum entropy of vacuum-bounded states in a one-dimensional model, explores implications for black hole information loss, and finds that low-energy vacuum-bounded states can have unexpectedly high entropy.

Contribution

It introduces a numerical method to compute the maximum entropy of vacuum-bounded states and applies these results to black hole evaporation and information paradox.

Findings

Maximum entropy bounds for vacuum-bounded states at high energies.

Implication that black hole final explosions cannot emit large amounts of information.

At low energies, vacuum-bounded states can have much higher entropy than rigid box states.

Abstract

We call a state ``vacuum bounded'' if every measurement performed outside a specified interior region gives the same result as in the vacuum. We compute the maximum entropy of a vacuum-bounded state with a given energy for a one-dimensional model, with the aid of numerical calculations on a lattice. For large energies we show that a vacuum-bounded system with length $L_in$ and a given energy has entropy no more than $S^rb + (1/6) \ln S^rb$, where $S^rb$ is the entropy in a rigid box with the same size and energy. Assuming that the state resulting from the evaporation of a black hole is similar to a vacuum-bounded state, and that the similarity between vacuum-bounded and rigid box problems extends from 1 to 3 dimensions, we apply these results to the black hole information paradox. Under these assumptions we conclude that large amounts of information cannot be emitted in the final explosion of a black hole. We also consider vacuum-bounded states at very low energies and come to the surprising conclusion that the entropy of such a state can be much higher than that of a rigid box state with the same energy. For a fixed $E$ we let $L_in'$ be the length of a rigid box which gives the same entropy as a vacuum-bounded state of length $L_in$. In the $E\to 0$ limit we conjecture that the ratio $L_in'/L_in$ grows without bound and support this conjecture with numerical computations.