Bose-Einstein condensation may occur in a constant magnetic field

TL;DR

This paper explores the possibility of Bose-Einstein condensation of charged particles in a constant magnetic field, revealing no critical temperature and differing magnetic responses between scalar and vector particles.

Contribution

It demonstrates that Bose-Einstein condensation can occur without a critical temperature in a magnetic field and distinguishes the magnetic behaviors of scalar and vector condensates.

Findings

Condensation occurs without a critical temperature.

Scalar particles exhibit the Meissner effect.

Vector particles show ferromagnetic behavior.

Abstract

Bose-Einstein condensation of charged scalar and vector particles may actually occur in presence of a constant homogeneous magnetic field, but there is no critical temperature at which condensation starts. The condensate is described by the statistical distribution. The Meissner effect is possible in the scalar, but not in the vector field case, which exhibits a ferromagnetic behavior.