Why some stars seem to be older than the Universe?

TL;DR

This paper proposes that the apparent age paradox of some stars being older than the Universe can be explained by a TGD-based cosmology where photons exist in different phases, affecting age estimates and Hubble constant measurements.

Contribution

It introduces a TGD cosmology framework explaining the age paradox and varying Hubble constants through photon phases and propagation differences.

Findings

Vapour phase photons can cause overestimation of star ages.

Different photon phases lead to varying Hubble constant measurements.

Possible explanation for large redshifts outside the horizon.

Abstract

There is some experimental evidence that some stars are older than the Universe in General Relativity based cosmology. In TGD based cosmology the paradox has explanation. Photons can be either topologically condensed on background spacetime surface or in 'vapour phase' that is progate in $M^4_+\times CP_2$ as small surfaces. The time for propagation from A to B is in general larger in condensate than in vapour phase. In principle observer detects from a given astrophysical object both vapour phase and condensate photons, vapour phase photons being emitted later than condensate photons. Therefore the erraneous identification of vapour phase photons as condensate photons leads to an over estimate for the age of the star and star can look older than the Universe. The Hubble constant for vapour phase photons is that associated with $M^4_+$ and smaller than the Hubble constant of matter dominated cosmology. This could explain the measured two widely different values of Hubble constant if smaller Hubble constant corresponds to the Hubble constant of the future light cone $M^4_+$. The ratio of propagation velocities of vapour phase and condensate photons equals to ratio of the two Hubble constants, which in turn is depends on the ratio of mass density and critical mass density, only. Anomalously large redshifts are possible since vapour phase photons can come also from region outside the horizon.