Bubble with Global Monopole

TL;DR

This paper explores a novel bubble solution in an $O(3)$ symmetric model at high temperature, where a global monopole forms at the bubble center, potentially affecting phase transition dynamics.

Contribution

It introduces a new type of bubble with a global monopole core, expanding understanding of phase transition phenomena in high-temperature $O(3)$ models.

Findings

Global monopole bubble has higher free energy than normal bubbles.

Production rate of monopole bubbles can be significantly large at high temperatures.

The monopole bubble solution impacts the dynamics of first-order phase transitions.

Abstract

The first-order phase transition of $O(3)$ symmetric model is considered in the limit of high temperature. It is shown that this model supports a new bubble solution where the global monopole is formed at the center of the buble in addition to the ordinary $O(3)$ bubble. Though the free energy of it is larger than that of normal bubble, the production rate can considerably large at high temperatures.