Hawking radiation: a particle physics perspective

TL;DR

This paper presents a particle physics perspective on Hawking radiation, modeling black holes as elementary particles to estimate their decay rates and explore the fundamental reasons behind their thermal emission spectrum.

Contribution

It introduces a simple particle physics-based estimate for black hole decay rates, linking Hawking radiation to matter-gravity coupling and internal state degeneracy.

Findings

Hawking radiation depends only on matter-gravity coupling.

The thermal spectrum arises from the large number of internal states.

The decay rate estimate remains meaningful for low mass black holes.

Abstract

It has recently become fashionable to regard black holes as elementary particles. By taking this suggestion seriously it is possible to cobble together an elementary particle physics based estimate for the decay rate $(\hbox{black hole})_i \to (\hbox{black hole})_f + (\hbox{massless quantum})$. This estimate of the spontaneous emission rate contains two free parameters which may be fixed by demanding that the high energy end of the spectrum of emitted quanta match a blackbody spectrum at the Hawking temperature. The calculation, though technically trivial, has important conceptual implications: (1) The existence of Hawking radiation from black holes is ultimately dependent only on the fact that massless quanta (and all other forms of matter) couple to gravity. (2) The thermal nature of the Hawking spectrum depends only on the fact that the number of internal states of a large mass black hole is enormous. (3) Remarkably, the resulting formula for the decay rate gives meaningful answers even when extrapolated to low mass black holes. The analysis strongly supports the scenario of complete evaporation as the endpoint of the Hawking radiation process (no naked singularity, no stable massive remnant).