The two-dimensional O(3) nonlinear $\sigma$-model at finite temperature

TL;DR

This paper derives the thermodynamic integral equations for the two-dimensional O(3) nonlinear sigma model, providing a foundational understanding of its finite-temperature behavior.

Contribution

It offers a direct derivation of the thermodynamic integral equations specific to the 2D O(3) nonlinear sigma model, advancing theoretical insights.

Findings

Derivation of thermodynamic integral equations

Enhanced understanding of finite-temperature properties

Framework for further analytical and numerical studies

Abstract

We present a direct derivation of the thermodynamic integral equations of the O(3) nonlinear $\sigma$-model in two dimensions.