Intrinsic Periodicity of Time and Non-maximal Entropy of Universe
Holger B. Nielsen, Masao Ninomiya

TL;DR
This paper explores the concept that the universe's intrinsic periodicity influences its entropy, proposing a model where periodic behavior explains why the universe has not reached maximal entropy, though it predicts constant entropy.
Contribution
It introduces a theoretical framework linking intrinsic periodicity to the non-maximal entropy state of the universe, addressing initial conditions and thermodynamic evolution.
Findings
Intrinsic periodicity accounts for non-maximal entropy
Model predicts constant entropy over time
Provides a new perspective on initial conditions in cosmology
Abstract
The universe is certainly not yet in total thermodynamical equilibrium,so clearly some law telling about special initial conditions is needed. A universe or a system imposed to behave periodically gets thereby required ``initial conditions". Those initial conditions will \underline{not} look like having already suffered the heat death, i.e. obtained the maximal entropy, like a random state. The intrinsic periodicity explains successfully why entropy is not maximal, but fails phenomenologically by leading to a \underline{constant}entropy.
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