Energy and Momentum Distributions of a (2+1)-dimensional black hole background

TL;DR

This paper evaluates energy and momentum distributions of a non-static (2+1)-dimensional black hole using multiple energy-momentum complexes, finding consistent results across different prescriptions and extending previous work to include a cosmological constant.

Contribution

It demonstrates that different energy-momentum complexes yield identical results for a specific (2+1)-dimensional black hole background, supporting their equivalence in three dimensions.

Findings

All four prescriptions give the same energy-momentum distribution.

Results reduce to known solutions when the cosmological constant is zero.

The study extends previous work to non-static backgrounds with a cosmological constant.

Abstract

Using Einstein, Landau-Lifshitz, Papapetrou and Weinberg energy-momentum complexes we explicitly evaluate the energy and momentum distributions associated with a non-static and circularly symmetric three-dimensional spacetime. The gravitational background under study is an exact solution of the Einstein's equations in the presence of a cosmological constant and a null fluid. It can be regarded as the three-dimensional analogue of the Vaidya metric and represents a non-static spinless (2+1)-dimensional black hole with an outflux of null radiation. All four above-mentioned prescriptions give exactly the same energy and momentum distributions for the specific black hole background. Therefore, the results obtained here provide evidence in support of the claim that for a given gravitational background, different energy-momentum complexes can give identical results in three dimensions. Furthermore, in the limit of zero cosmological constant the results presented here reproduce the results obtained by Virbhadra who utilized the Landau-Lifshitz energy-momentum complex for the same (2+1)-dimensional black hole background in the absence of a cosmological constant.