Spinning Q-Balls

TL;DR

This paper provides the first numerical evidence of spinning Q-ball solitons in 3+1 dimensions, introduces an infinite family of radial excitations, and constructs spinning Q-balls in 2+1 dimensions, advancing the understanding of non-topological solitons.

Contribution

It is the first to demonstrate explicit spinning Q-balls in 3+1 dimensions and explores their excitations and lower-dimensional counterparts.

Findings

Existence of spinning Q-balls in 3+1 dimensions.

Infinite discrete family of radial excitations.

Construction of spinning Q-balls in 2+1 dimensions.

Abstract

We present numerical evidence for the existence of spinning generalizations for non-topological Q-ball solitons in the theory of a complex scalar field with a non-renormalizable self-interaction. To the best of our knowledge, this provides the first explicit example of spinning solitons in 3+1 dimensional Minkowski space. In addition, we find an infinite discrete family of radial excitations of non-rotating Q-balls, and construct also spinning Q-balls in 2+1 dimensions.