Particle description of zero energy vacuum. II. Basic vacuum systems

TL;DR

This paper models vacuum as a system of virtual particles, including negative energies, and introduces the concept of kenemes to describe vacuum states invariant under transformations, providing a new framework for understanding vacuum systems.

Contribution

It introduces a novel description of vacuum using virtual particles and kenemes, extending the theoretical framework for vacuum systems with invariance properties.

Findings

Defined characteristic distributions for vacuum systems

Showed how vacuum can be described as a homogeneous system

Applied the model to solve the frame problem from Part I

Abstract

We describe vacuum as a system of virtual particles, some of which have negative energies. Any system of vacuum particles is a part of a keneme, i.e. of a system of n particles which can, without violating the conservation laws, annihilate in the strict sense of the word (transform into nothing). A keneme is a homogeneous system, i.e. its state is invariant by all transformations of the invariance group. But a homogeneous system is not necessarily a keneme. In the simple case of a spin system, where the invariance group is SU(2), a homogeneous system is a system whose total spin is unpolarized; a keneme is a system whose total spin is zero. The state of a homogeneous system is described by a statistical operator with infinite trace (von Neumann), to which corresponds a characteristic distribution. The characteristic distributions of the homogeneous systems of vacuum are defined and studied. Finally it is shown how this description of vacuum can be used to solve the frame problem posed in (I).