Vacuum Energy

TL;DR

This paper reviews different approaches to understanding vacuum energy, discusses their implications, and proposes that vacuum energy has no long-range effects unless involving higher-order Lagrangians, offering a non-standard perspective on the cosmological constant.

Contribution

It provides a comprehensive review of vacuum energy concepts and suggests a novel view that vacuum energy does not produce long-range effects without higher-order Lagrangians.

Findings

Casimir energy causes short-range effects due to boundary conditions.

No overall long-range effect of vacuum energy unless higher-order Lagrangians are considered.

The approach challenges the standard view of vacuum energy's role in the cosmological constant.

Abstract

There appears to be three, perhaps related, ways of approaching the nature of vacuum energy . The first is to say that it is just the lowest energy state of a given, usually quantum, system. The second is to equate vacuum energy with the Casimir energy. The third is to note that an energy difference from a complete vacuum might have some long range effect, typically this energy difference is interpreted as the cosmological constant. All three approaches are reviewed, with an emphasis on recent work. It is hoped that this review is comprehensive in scope. There is a discussion on whether there is a relation between vacuum energy and inertia. The solution suggested here to the nature of the vacuum is that Casimir energy can produce short range effects because of boundary conditions, but that at long range there is no overall effect of vacuum energy, unless one considers lagrangians of higher order than Einstein's as vacuum induced. No original calculations are presented in support of this position. This is not a review of the cosmological constant {\it per se}, but rather vacuum energy in general, my approach to the cosmological constant is not standard.