Statistical properties of classical gravitating particles in (2+1) dimensions

TL;DR

This paper investigates the statistical behavior of classical particles in (2+1) gravity through numerical simulations, revealing power-law energy tails and entropy divergence near the universe's energy limit.

Contribution

It provides the first detailed numerical analysis of particle momentum distributions and entropy in (2+1) gravity, highlighting effects of strong gravity on thermodynamic properties.

Findings

Distribution function exhibits a power-law tail at high energies.

Different temperature extensions become inequivalent under strong gravity.

Entropy and kinetic energy diverge as energy approaches the universe limit.

Abstract

We report the statistical properties of classical particles in (2+1) gravity as resulting from numerical simulations. Only particle momenta have been taken into account. In the range of total momentum where thermal equilibrium is reached, the distribution function and the corresponding Boltzmann entropy are computed. In the presence of large gravity effects, different extensions of the temperature turn out to be inequivalent, the distribution function has a power law high-energy tail and the entropy as a function of the internal energy presents a flex. When the energy approaches the open universe limit, the entropy and the mean value of the particle kinetic energy seem to diverge.