Effective Action - A Convergent Series - of QED

TL;DR

This paper introduces a non-perturbative, convergent series for the one-loop effective action of QED, revealing electric-magnetic duality and improving upon the divergent asymptotic series traditionally used.

Contribution

It presents a novel convergent series representation of the QED effective action, enabling non-perturbative analysis and demonstrating electric-magnetic duality.

Findings

Established the existence of electric-magnetic duality in QED's effective action

Provided a convergent series for the one-loop effective action

Improved theoretical understanding of QED's non-perturbative structure

Abstract

The one-loop effective action of QED obtained by Euler and Heisenberg and by Schwinger has been expressed by an asymptotic perturbative series which is divergent. In this letter we present a non-perturbative but convergent series of the effective action. With the convergent series we establish the existence of the manifest electric-magnetic duality in the one loop effective action of QED.