Wilson loops in the adjoint representation and multiple vacua in two-dimensional Yang-Mills theory

TL;DR

This paper explores how Wilson loops in the adjoint representation reveal multiple vacua in two-dimensional Yang-Mills theory, showing the impact of non-trivial vacuum structures and instanton effects on the energy spectrum.

Contribution

It provides an exact analysis of Wilson loops in 2D Yang-Mills with adjoint fermions, highlighting the role of k-sectors and instantons in the theory's vacuum structure.

Findings

k-sectors modify the energy spectrum

Instantons contribute to Wilson loop expressions

Decompactification limit relates k-sectors to fundamental charges

Abstract

$QCD_2$ with fermions in the adjoint representation is invariant under $SU(N)/Z_N$ and thereby is endowed with a non-trivial vacuum structure (k-sectors). The static potential between adjoint charges, in the limit of infinite mass, can be therefore obtained by computing Wilson loops in the pure Yang-Mills theory with the same non-trivial structure. When the (Euclidean) space-time is compactified on a sphere $S^2$, Wilson loops can be exactly expressed in terms of an infinite series of topological excitations (instantons). The presence of k-sectors modifies the energy spectrum of the theory and its instanton content. For the exact solution, in the limit in which the sphere is decompactified, a k-sector can be mimicked by the presence of k-fundamental charges at $\infty$, according to a Witten's suggestion. However this property neither holds before decompactification nor for the genuine perturbative solution which corresponds to the zero-instanton contribution on $S^2$.