Large Lepton Number and High Temperature Symmetry Breaking in MSSM

TL;DR

This paper explores how a significant lepton number in the MSSM causes high-temperature symmetry breaking, potentially solving the monopole problem by breaking electromagnetic charge invariance at temperatures much higher than the W boson mass.

Contribution

It demonstrates that a large neutrino number in MSSM leads to electromagnetic charge symmetry breaking at high temperatures, offering a novel solution to the monopole problem.

Findings

Large neutrino number induces high-temperature symmetry breaking.

Electromagnetic charge invariance is broken at T >> M_W.

Potential resolution of the monopole problem in MSSM.

Abstract

It is known that a large neutrino number, of the order of a few percent of the entropy of the universe, leads to symmetry breaking at high temperature. We show here that in the minimal supersymmetric standard model (MSSM) this implies the breaking of electromagnetic charge invariance at T >> M_W allowing for the solution of the monopole problem.