Symmetry Non-Restoration via Order 10^{-10} B and L Asymmetries

TL;DR

This paper demonstrates that a small baryon asymmetry combined with low reheating temperatures can prevent symmetry restoration after inflation, potentially solving cosmological domain wall issues.

Contribution

It shows that symmetry non-restoration at high temperatures is achievable with observed baryon asymmetry if the reheating temperature is sufficiently low, around 1 GeV.

Findings

Symmetry non-restoration occurs at T_R ≤ 1 GeV with n_B/s ≈ 10^{-10}.

This mechanism can solve the Z_3 domain wall problem in NMSSM.

Low reheating temperatures align with Affleck-Dine baryogenesis predictions.

Abstract

It has been observed that a large lepton asymmetry, n_{L}/s \approx 0.1, can prevent the Higgs expectation value from going to zero at high temperature, resulting in the non-restoration of the SU(2)XU(1) gauge symmetry and other symmetries. This could allow for the elimination of domain walls and other dangerous topological defects. Here we show that if the reheating temperature after inflation, T_{R}, is sufficiently low then symmetry non-restoration will occur with an asymmetry of the order of the observed baryon asymmetry, n_{B}/s \approx 10^{-10}. For this to occur T_{R} \leq 1 GeV is necessary. Remarkably, this happens to be the reheating temperature expected in Affleck-Dine baryogenesis along a d=6 flat direction of the MSSM. As an example, we show that this can neatly solve the Z_{3} domain wall problem of the NMSSM.