# Evaluating Sea Quark Contributions to Flavour-Singlet Operators in Lattice QCD

## TL;DR

This study improves the detection of sea quark effects in lattice QCD by optimizing noise reduction techniques for disconnected contributions, demonstrating that fewer noise sources are sufficient for reliable signals.

## Contribution

It introduces a fluctuation analysis to optimize noise sources in lattice QCD, showing that Z2-noise sources outperform gauge invariance reliance for better signal-to-noise ratios.

## Key findings

- Z2-noise sources reduce computational effort
- Fewer noise sources (10) are sufficient for reliable signals
- Improved signal detection in full QCD simulations

## Abstract

In a full QCD lattice study with $N_f = 2$ Wilson fermions, we seek to optimize the signals for the disconnected contributions to the matrix element of flavour-singlet operators between nucleon states, which are indicative for sea quark effects. We demonstrate, in form of a fluctuation analysis to the noisy estimator technique, that -- in order to achieve a tolerable signal to noise-ratio in full QCD -- it is advantageous to work with a $Z_2$-noise source rather than to rely only on gauge invariance to cancel non-gauge-invariant background. In the case of the $\pi$N $\sigma$-term, we find that 10 $Z_2$-noise sources suffice on our sample ( about 150 independent QCD configurations at $\beta = 5.6$ on $16^3\times32$ with $\kappa_{sea} = 0.157$, equivalent to $M_{\pi}/M_{\rho} = 0.76(1)$), to achieve decent signals and adequate fluctuations, rather than 300 such sources as recently used in quenched simulations.