Characterization of phases and boundary effects in U(1) gauge theory
W. Kerler, C. Rebbi, and A. Weber
TL;DR
This paper investigates the phases of 4D compact U(1) lattice gauge theory, focusing on boundary effects and the presence of an infinite current network as a phase indicator.
Contribution
It introduces a novel characterization of phases based on infinite current networks and analyzes boundary effects and inhomogeneities.
Findings
Existence of an infinite current network distinguishes phases.
Boundary conditions significantly influence phase behavior.
Inhomogeneities can lead to the reappearance of an energy gap.
Abstract
We show that the two phases of the 4-dimensional compact U(1) lattice gauge theory are characterized by the existence or absence of an infinite current network, defining ``infinite'' on a finite lattice in a manner appropriate to the chosen boundary conditions. In addition for open and fixed boundary conditions we demonstrate the effects of inhomogeneities and provide examples of the reappearance of an energy gap.
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