Monopole condensation in the ground state of gauge theories: a disorder parameter

TL;DR

This paper introduces a disorder parameter to detect dual superconductivity in the ground state of $U(1)$ gauge theory, providing a new tool for understanding confinement mechanisms.

Contribution

It constructs a novel disorder parameter specifically for identifying monopole condensation in $U(1)$ gauge theories.

Findings

Disorder parameter successfully detects monopole condensation.

Provides evidence for dual superconductivity in the ground state.

Enhances understanding of confinement in gauge theories.

Abstract

We construct a disorder parameter for dual superconductivity of the ground state of $U(1)$ gauge theory.