Phase of the Wilson Line

TL;DR

This paper analyzes the phase of the Wilson line in finite-temperature SU(N) Yang-Mills theory, clarifying the role of Z(N) symmetry and the physical interpretation of Wilson line expectation values.

Contribution

It derives the relation L = z e^{-F/T} and clarifies the physical meaning of the Wilson line phase and Z(N) symmetry in the high-temperature phase.

Findings

The relation L = z e^{-F/T} is derived.

The value of z in Z(N) depends on the external field for the infinite-volume limit.

The high-temperature phase is characterized by percolating flux, not broken Z(N) symmetry.

Abstract

This paper discusses the global $Z(N)$ symmetry of finite-temperature, $SU(N)$, pure Yang-Mills lattice gauge theory and the physics of the phase of the Wilson line expectation value. In the high $T$ phase, $\langle L \rangle$ takes one of $N$ distinct values proportional to the $Nth$ roots of unity in $Z(N)$, and the $Z(N)$ symmetry is broken. Only one of these is consistent with the usual interpretation $\langle L \rangle = e^{-F/T}$. This relation should be generalized to $\langle L \rangle = z e^{-F/T}$ with $z \in Z(N)$ so that it is consistent with the negative or complex values. In the Hamiltonian description, the {\em physical} variables are the group elements on the links of the spatial lattice. In a Lagrangian formulation, there are also group elements on links in the inverse-temperature direction from which the Wilson line is constructed. These are unphysical, auxiliary variables introduced to enforce the Gauss law constraints. The following results are obtained: The relation $\langle L \rangle=ze^{-F/T}$ is derived. The value of $z \in Z(N)$ is determined by the external field that is needed for the infinite-volume limit. There is a single physical, high-temperature phase, which is the same for all $z$. The global $Z(N)$ symmetry is not physical; it acts as the identity on all physical states. In the Hamiltonian formulation, the high-temperature phase is not distinguished by physical broken symmetry but rather by percolating flux.