Detecting Dual Superconductivity in the Ground State of Gauge Theories - II

TL;DR

This paper constructs a monopole creation operator to detect dual superconductivity in gauge theories, demonstrating its effectiveness in lattice simulations of U(1) and SU(2) gauge theories, and linking confinement to dual superconductivity.

Contribution

It introduces a new monopole creation operator as an order parameter for dual superconductivity and tests its effectiveness in lattice gauge theories, confirming the role of dual superconductivity in confinement.

Findings

The monopole creation operator signals dual superconductivity when its expectation value is non-zero.

In SU(2) gauge theory, the operator confirms that confinement is due to dual superconductivity.

The operator successfully distinguishes phases with and without dual superconductivity.

Abstract

A monopole creation operator is constructed: its vacuum expectation value is an order parameter for dual superconductivity in that, if different from zero it signals spontaneous breaking of the U(1) symmetry corresponding to monopole charge conservation. The operator is tested on compact U(1) gauge theory on lattice. For SU(2) gauge theory it clearly demonstrates that confinement is produced by dual superconductivity.