The chiral critical line of N_f=2+1 QCD at zero and non-zero baryon density

TL;DR

This study maps the chiral critical line in N_f=2+1 QCD at various densities, finding a small shift with baryon density and suggesting the critical endpoint may be absent below 500 MeV chemical potential.

Contribution

The paper provides the first detailed lattice QCD analysis of the chiral critical line at finite density using exact algorithms and explores its implications for the QCD phase diagram.

Findings

Critical quark mass reduced by 25% with exact RHMC algorithm.

Physical point confirmed in the crossover region.

Critical endpoint possibly absent below 500 MeV chemical potential.

Abstract

We present numerical results for the location of the chiral critical line at finite temperature and zero and non-zero baryon density for QCD with N_f=2+1 flavours of staggered fermions on lattices with temporal extent N_t=4. For degenerate quark masses, we compare our results obtained with the exact RHMC algorithm with earlier, inexact R-algorithm results and find a reduction of 25% in the critical quark mass, for which the first order phase transition changes to a smooth crossover. Extending our analysis to non-degenerate quark masses, we map out the chiral critical line up to the neighbourhood of the physical point, which we confirm to be in the crossover region. Our data are consistent with a tricritical point at a strange quark mass of ~500 MeV. Finally, we investigate the shift of the critical line with finite baryon density, by simulating with an imaginary chemical potential for which there is no sign problem. We observe this shift to be very small or, conversely, the critical endpoint \mu^c(m_{u,d},m_s) to be extremely quark mass sensitive. Moreover, the sign of this shift is opposite to standard expectations. If confirmed on a finer lattice, it implies the absence of a critical endpoint or phase transition for chemical potentials \mu_B < 500 MeV. We thus argue that finer lattices are required to settle even the qualitative features of the QCD phase diagram.