Confinement from Instantons or Merons

TL;DR

This paper demonstrates that ensembles of merons or regular gauge instantons can produce confinement in gauge theories, with resulting physical quantities comparable to lattice QCD, unlike singular gauge instantons.

Contribution

It shows that effective theories based on merons or regular gauge instantons successfully produce confinement and realistic physical quantities, unlike singular gauge instanton ensembles.

Findings

Ensembles of merons or regular gauge instantons produce confinement.

Physical quantities like string tension and glueball masses match lattice QCD.

Singular gauge instantons fail to produce confinement.

Abstract

In contrast to ensembles of singular gauge instantons, which are well known to fail to produce confinement, it is shown that effective theories based on ensembles of merons or regular gauge instantons do produce confinement. Furthermore, when the scale is set by the string tension, the action density, topological susceptibility, and glueball masses are similar to those arising in lattice QCD.