Quark Confinement Physics from Quantum Chromodynamics

TL;DR

This paper demonstrates how lattice QCD simulations in the maximally abelian gauge reveal the mechanisms of quark confinement, including abelian dominance and monopole condensation, supporting the dual superconductor model of QCD.

Contribution

It provides lattice QCD evidence for abelian dominance and monopole condensation as key mechanisms behind quark confinement in the dual superconductor framework.

Findings

Off-diagonal gluons acquire a mass of about 1.2 GeV.

Dual gluon mass is estimated at 0.4-0.5 GeV, indicating dual Higgs mechanism.

Infrared abelian dominance explains confinement via monopole condensation.

Abstract

We show the construction of the dual superconducting theory for the confinement mechanism from QCD in the maximally abelian (MA) gauge using the lattice QCD Monte Carlo simulation. We find that essence of infrared abelian dominance is naturally understood with the off-diagonal gluon mass $m_{\rm off} \simeq 1.2 {\rm GeV}$ induced by the MA gauge fixing. In the MA gauge, the off-diagonal gluon amplitude is forced to be small, and the off-diagonal gluon phase tends to be random. As the mathematical origin of abelian dominance for confinement, we demonstrate that the strong randomness of the off-diagonal gluon phase leads to abelian dominance for the string tension. In the MA gauge, there appears the macroscopic network of the monopole world-line covering the whole system. We investigate the monopole-current system in the MA gauge by analyzing the dual gluon field $B_\mu$. We evaluate the dual gluon mass as $m_B = 0.4 \sim$ 0.5GeV in the infrared region, which is the lattice-QCD evidence of the dual Higgs mechanism by monopole condensation. Owing to infrared abelian dominance and infrared monopole condensation, QCD in the MA gauge is describable with the dual Ginzburg-Landau theory.