Static potential, force, and flux-tube profile in 4D compact U(1) lattice gauge theory with the multi-level algorithm

TL;DR

This paper investigates the long-range properties of 4D compact U(1) lattice gauge theory in the confinement phase, measuring the static potential, flux-tube profile, and force using the multi-level algorithm.

Contribution

It provides new measurements of the static potential, flux-tube profile, and force in 4D compact U(1) lattice gauge theory using an advanced multi-level algorithm.

Findings

Supports the presence of the 1/r Lüscher correction term.

Flux-tube width remains nearly constant at large distances.

Confirms the universality of the Lüscher term coefficient.

Abstract

The long range properties of four-dimensional compact U(1) lattice gauge theory with the Wilson action in the confinement phase is studied by using the multi-level algorithm. The static potential, force and flux-tube profile between two static charges are successfully measured from the correlation function involving the Polyakov loop. The universality of the coefficient of the 1/r correction to the static potential, known as the Luescher term, and the transversal width of the flux-tube profile as a function of its length are investigated. While the result supports the presence of the 1/r correction, the width of the flux tube shows an almost constant behavior at a large distance.