Color confinement and dual superconductivity of the vacuum. III

TL;DR

This paper demonstrates that monopole condensation responsible for confinement in SU(2) and SU(3) gauge theories is projection-independent, implying universal magnetic U(1) charge of dual excitations across Abelian projections.

Contribution

It proves that monopole condensation in the confined phase is independent of the Abelian projection, establishing a universal property of dual excitations in gauge theories.

Findings

Monopole condensation is projection-independent in SU(2) and SU(3) gauge theories.

Dual excitations must carry magnetic U(1) charge universally.

Physical implications of projection-independent confinement are discussed.

Abstract

It is demonstrated that monopole condensation in the confined phase of SU(2) and SU(3) gauge theories is independent of the specific Abelian projection used to define the monopoles. Hence the dual excitations which condense in the vacuum to produce confinement must have magnetic U(1) charge in all the Abelian projections. Some physical implications of this result are discussed.