First measurement of low intensity fast neutron background from rock at the Boulby Underground Laboratory

TL;DR

This paper presents a new method using liquid scintillation detectors to measure low intensity fast neutron flux from underground rock, providing crucial background data for dark matter experiments.

Contribution

The study introduces a detailed technique for measuring low neutron flux underground, including calibration, background suppression, and Monte Carlo simulations, which was not previously reported.

Findings

Neutron flux from rock estimated at (1.72 ± 0.61 (stat.) ± 0.38 (syst.))×10^(-6) cm^(-2) s^(-1) above 0.5 MeV.

Neutron-induced event rate observed was 1.84 ± 0.65 events per day.

Effective suppression of gamma background achieved with lead and copper shielding.

Abstract

A technique to measure low intensity fast neutron flux has been developed. The design, calibrations, procedure for data analysis and interpretation of the results are discussed in detail. The technique has been applied to measure the neutron background from rock at the Boulby Underground Laboratory, a site used for dark matter and other experiments, requiring shielding from cosmic ray muons. The experiment was performed using a liquid scintillation detector. A 6.1 litre volume stainless steel cell was filled with an in-house made liquid scintillator loaded with Gd to enhance neutron capture. A two-pulse signature (proton recoils followed by gammas from neutron capture) was used to identify the neutron events from much larger gamma background from PMTs. Suppression of gammas from the rock was achieved by surrounding the detector with high-purity lead and copper. Calibrations of the detector were performed with various gamma and neutron sources. Special care was taken to eliminate PMT afterpulses and correlated background events from the delayed coincidences of two pulses in the Bi-Po decay chain. A four month run revealed a neutron-induced event rate of 1.84 +- 0.65 (stat.) events/day. Monte Carlo simulations based on the GEANT4 toolkit were carried out to estimate the efficiency of the detector and the energy spectra of the expected proton recoils. From comparison of the measured rate with Monte Carlo simulations the flux of fast neutrons from rock was estimated as (1.72 +- 0.61 (stat.) +- 0.38 (syst.))*10^(-6) cm^(-2) s^(-1) above 0.5 MeV.