Proof of the symmetry of the off-diagonal Hadamard/Seeley-deWitt's coefficients in $C^{\infty}$ Lorentzian manifolds by a local Wick rotation

TL;DR

This paper proves the symmetry of Hadamard/Seeley-deWitt coefficients in Lorentzian manifolds by employing a local Wick rotation, extending previous results to smooth non-analytic metrics, and introduces complex pseudo-Riemannian manifolds for rigorous analysis.

Contribution

It introduces a method to perform local Wick rotations in Lorentzian manifolds to prove coefficient symmetry, extending results to smooth metrics via approximation.

Findings

Proves symmetry of off-diagonal coefficients in analytic Lorentzian manifolds.

Extends symmetry proof to smooth non-analytic Lorentzian manifolds.

Introduces complex pseudo-Riemannian manifolds for rigorous analysis.

Abstract

Completing the results obtained in a previous paper, we prove the symmetry of Hadamard/Seeley-deWitt off-diagonal coefficients in smooth $D$-dimensional Lorentzian manifolds. To this end, it is shown that, in any Lorentzian manifold, a sort of ``local Wick rotation'' of the metric can be performed provided the metric is a locally analytic function of the coordinates and the coordinates are ``physical''. No time-like Killing field is necessary. Such a local Wick rotation analytically continues the Lorentzian metric in a neighborhood of any point, or, more generally, in a neighborhood of a space-like (Cauchy) hypersurface, into a Riemannian metric. The continuation locally preserves geodesically convex neighborhoods. In order to make rigorous the procedure, the concept of a complex pseudo-Riemannian (not Hermitian or K\"ahlerian) manifold is introduced and some features are analyzed. Using these tools, the symmetry of Hadamard/Seeley-deWitt off-diagonal coefficients is proven in Lorentzian analytical manifolds by analytical continuation of the (symmetric) Riemannian heat-kernel coefficients. This continuation is performed in geodesically convex neighborhoods in common with both the metrics. Then, the symmetry is generalized to $C^\infty$ non analytic Lorentzian manifolds by approximating Lorentzian $C^{\infty}$ metrics by analytic metrics in common geodesically convex neighborhoods. The symmetry requirement plays a central r\^{o}le in the point-splitting renormalization procedure of the one-loop stress-energy tensor in curved spacetimes for Hadamard quantum states.