Chaos around the superposition of a black-hole and a thin disk

TL;DR

This study investigates the chaotic behavior of test particles around a superimposed black-hole and thin disk system, revealing intrinsic relativistic effects that influence orbit stability.

Contribution

It provides a detailed analysis of chaos in black-hole and disk systems, highlighting relativistic effects on orbit integrability not previously characterized.

Findings

Chaotic zones exist around the black-hole and disk system.

Relativistic effects induce chaos even in non-crossing trajectories.

Both Newtonian and relativistic limits show bounded chaotic behavior.

Abstract

Motivated by the strong astronomical evidences supporting that huge black-holes might inhabit the center of many active galaxies, we have studied the integrability of oblique orbits of test particles around the exact superposition of a black-hole and a thin disk. We have considered the relativistic and the Newtonian limits. Exhaustive numerical analyses were performed, and bounded zones of chaotic behavior were found for both limits. An intrinsic relativistic gravitational effect is detected: the chaoticity of trajectories that do not cross the disk.