Can extreme black holes have (long) Abelian Higgs hair?

TL;DR

This paper investigates whether extreme black holes can support long Abelian Higgs vortex hair, finding that magnetic fields are expelled in the extremal limit and that vortex-black hole interactions are energetically unfavorable at large scales.

Contribution

It provides analytical and numerical evidence that extreme black holes expel vortex fields, challenging the idea that they can support long Abelian Higgs hair.

Findings

Magnetic fields are expelled from extremal black holes (Meissner effect).

Small black holes can be inside vortices energetically.

Large extremal black holes repel vortices, indicating no long hair support.

Abstract

It has been argued that a black hole horizon can support the long range fields of a Nielsen-Olesen string, and that one can think of such a vortex as black hole ``hair''. In this paper, we examine the properties of an Abelian Higgs vortex in the presence of a charged black hole as we allow the hole to approach extremality. Using both analytical and numerical techniques, we show that the magnetic field lines (as well as the scalar field) of the vortex are completely expelled from the black hole in the extreme limit. This was to be expected, since extreme black holes in Einstein-Maxwell theory are known to exhibit such a ``Meissner effect'' in general. This would seem to imply that a vortex does not want to be attached to an extreme black hole. We calculate the total energy of the vortex fields in the presence of an extreme black hole. When the hole is small relative to the size of the vortex, it is energetically favoured for the hole to remain inside the vortex region, contrary to the intuition that the hole should be expelled. However, as we allow the extreme horizon radius to become very large compared to the radius of the vortex, we do find evidence of an instability. This proves that it is energetically unfavourable for a thin vortex to interact with a large extreme black hole. This would seem to dispel the notion that a black hole can support `long' abelian Higgs hair in the extreme limit. We show that these considerations do not go through in the near extreme limit. Finally, we discuss whether this has implications for strings that end at black holes.