The mixmaster universe is chaotic

TL;DR

This paper demonstrates that the mixmaster universe exhibits chaos using coordinate-independent fractal methods, resolving previous debates influenced by observer-dependent indicators.

Contribution

It introduces coordinate-independent fractal techniques to establish chaos in the mixmaster universe, providing a definitive answer to longstanding debates.

Findings

The mixmaster universe is confirmed to be chaotic.

Coordinate-independent methods effectively detect chaos.

Previous observer-dependent indicators were inconclusive.

Abstract

For the past decade there has been a considerable debate about the existence of chaos in the mixmaster cosmological model. The debate has been hampered by the coordinate, or observer dependence of standard chaotic indicators such as Lyapanov exponents. Here we use coordinate independent, fractal methods to show the mixmaster universe is indeed chaotic.