Testing gravity at the Second post-Newtonian level through gravitational deflection of massive particles

TL;DR

This paper derives a model-independent expression for the second post-Newtonian gravitational deflection angle of massive particles, enabling new tests of gravitational theories at this advanced level.

Contribution

It provides the first model-independent formula for second post-Newtonian deflection of massive particles, facilitating precise tests of gravity theories.

Findings

Derived a second post-Newtonian deflection angle expression

Discussed implications for testing gravitational theories

Highlighted potential for experimental verification

Abstract

Expression for second post-Newtonian level gravitational deflection angle of massive particles is obtained in a model independent framework. Several of its important implications including the possibility of testing gravitational theories at that level are discussed.