Ultimate gravitational mass defect

TL;DR

This paper introduces a novel gravitational mass defect phenomenon where infinite matter can have zero ADM mass, bridging effects of closed universes and T-spheres, with implications for various spacetime models.

Contribution

It demonstrates a new gravitational mass defect effect using Tolman dust models and spacetime gluing techniques, expanding understanding of mass-energy configurations in general relativity.

Findings

Infinite matter with zero ADM mass demonstrated

New spacetime configurations combining T-spheres, FRW, and Schwarzschild metrics

Finite T-spheres with observer-dependent mass interpretations

Abstract

We present a new type of gravitational mass defect in which an infinite amount of matter may be bounded in a zero ADM mass. This interpolates between effects typical of closed worlds and T-spheres. We consider the Tolman model of dust distribution and show that this phenomenon reveals itself for a solution that has no origin on one side but is closed on the other side. The second class of examples corresponds to smooth gluing T-spheres to the portion of the Friedmann-Robertson-Walker solution. The procedure is generalized to combinations of smoothly connected T-spheres, FRW and Schwarzschild metrics. In particular, in this approach a finite T-sphere is obtained that looks for observers in two R-regions as the Schwarzschild metric with two different masses one of which may vanish.