A Question About Standard Cosmology and Extremely Dense Stars' Collapsing

TL;DR

This paper questions whether standard cosmological models rely on Newtonian absolute space-time and proposes a fully relative cosmology that can explain supernova luminosity-distance relations without dark energy.

Contribution

It introduces a new framework for a relative cosmology that challenges conventional assumptions and explains supernova observations without dark energy.

Findings

Standard cosmology may depend on Newtonian concepts.

A relative cosmology framework can explain supernova data.

Dark energy might be unnecessary in this model.

Abstract

We ask if the conventional variable separation techniques in the studying of standard cosmology and the collapsing of extremely dense stars introduce Newton's absolute space-time concepts. If this is the case, then a completely relative cosmology is needed. We build the basic frame-works for such a cosmology and illustrate that, the observed luminosity-distance v.s. red-shift relations of supernovaes can be explained naturally even without any conception of dark energies.