Standard emitters (clocks) and calibrated standard emitters (clocks) in spaces with affine connections and metrics

TL;DR

This paper revises the understanding of standard emitters in spaces with affine connections and metrics, introducing calibrated standard clocks and conditions for their existence, highlighting their potential for consistent frequency and velocity measurements.

Contribution

It introduces the concepts of standard and calibrated standard clocks in affine connection spaces and establishes conditions for their existence and transport, challenging previous assumptions.

Findings

Calibrated standard clocks maintain constant velocity and frequency along their world line.

Generalized Fermi-Walker transport is used for clock calibration.

New conditions are proposed for the existence of calibrated standard emitters.

Abstract

It is shown that the general belief that the frequency and the absolute value of the velocity of periodic signals sent by a standard emitter do not change on the world line of the emitter needs to be revised and new conditions for the existence of a calibrted standard emitter should be taken into account. The notions of a standard clock and of a calibrated standard clock are introduced in a space with affine connections and metrics. The variation of the velocity and of the frequency of a standard clock could be compared with the constant velocity and the constant frequency of a calibrated standard clock along the world line of the observer. This calibrated standard clock is transported by meand of a generalized Fermi-Walker transport along the same world line of the observer. Some remarks about the synchronization of standard clocks in spaces with affine connections and metrics are given. PACS numbers: 95.30.Sf; 04.90.+h; 04.20.Cv; 04.90.+e