Confusion Noise from LISA Capture Sources

TL;DR

This paper estimates the confusion noise caused by unresolved gravitational-wave captures of compact objects by massive black holes for LISA, showing it could modestly affect the detector's sensitivity depending on capture rates.

Contribution

It provides the first detailed estimation of the shape and magnitude of confusion noise from CO captures for LISA, including energy spectra and impact on sensitivity.

Findings

Confusion noise could increase LISA's noise level by up to a factor of 2.

Capture rates significantly influence the level of confusion noise.

Results suggest detection rates are near their maximum given LISA's design.

Abstract

Captures of compact objects (COs) by massive black holes (MBHs) in galactic nuclei will be an important source for LISA, the space-based gravitational-wave (GW) detector. However, a large fraction of captures will not be individually resolvable--either because they are too distant, have unfavorable orientation, or have too many years to go before final plunge--and so will constitute a source of ``confusion noise,'' obscuring other types of sources. Here we estimate the shape and overall magnitude of the spectrum of confusion noise from CO captures. The overall magnitude depends on the capture rates, which are rather uncertain, so we present results for a plausible range of rates. We show that the impact of capture confusion noise on the total LISA noise curve ranges from insignificant to modest, depending on these rates. Capture rates at the high end of estimated ranges would raise LISA's overall (effective) noise level by at most a factor \sim 2. While this slightly elevated noise level would somewhat decrease LISA's sensitivity to other classes of sources, overall, this would be a pleasant problem for LISA to have: It would also imply that detection rates for CO captures were at nearly their maximum possible levels (given LISA's baseline design). This paper includes several other results that should be useful in further studies of LISA capture sources, including (i) a calculation of the total GW energy output from generic inspirals into Kerr MBHs, and (ii) an approximate GW energy spectrum for a typical capture.