Evolving spherical boson stars on a 3D cartesian grid

TL;DR

This paper presents a 3D numerical code for evolving boson stars, reproduces known results, and introduces new measurements of horizon masses during collapse, aiding gravitational wave source modeling.

Contribution

The paper introduces a 3D evolution code for boson stars capable of reproducing known results and measuring horizon masses during collapse, advancing scalar field system simulations.

Findings

Reproduced known perturbation results in 3D

First measurement of horizon masses during boson star collapse

Code useful for gravitational wave source modeling

Abstract

A code to evolve boson stars in 3D is presented as the starting point for the evolution of scalar field systems with arbitrary symmetries. It was possible to reproduce the known results related to perturbations discovered with 1D numerical codes in the past, which include evolution of stable and unstable equilibrium configurations. In addition, the apparent and event horizons masses of a collapsing boson star are shown for the first time. The present code is expected to be useful at evolving possible sources of gravitational waves related to scalar field objects and to handle toy models of systems perturbed with scalar fields in 3D.